It destroys them, corrodes them on contact. Easily liquefied under pressure.] Inhalation: Inhaling ammonia gas can cause breathing problems, wheezing or chest pain. We reserve the right to determine which comments violate our comment policy. A copy of the The Facts About Ammonia (General Information) is available in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF, 63 KB, 3pg.) In addition, anhydrous ammonia is a cryogenic liquid or compressed gas. Venting or evaporation can cause frostbite. Mild symptoms include nasal and throat irritation causing cough. That means your brain is taking resources away from your body's attempt to reject the poison. What is similar about these two chemicals is that swallowing them results in a direct call to the poison center and a trip to the ER. Instead of helping build molecules, like natural trace amounts of ammonia, it destroys them. We all are exposed to trace amounts of Carbon Monoxide during the day, but if we get too much - we die. However, regardless of the type of exposure, the first step should be to remove the affected worker from the source of the exposure. Ingestion of ammonia does not normally result in systemic poisoning. This gas is noticed usually through the repugnant scents between 5 and 50 parts per million (ppm), and it will actually irritate your body between 25-50 ppm. Ammonia Exposure. Please stay on topic. However, its chemical properties make it extremely dangerous. DO NOT give water or milk if the person is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow. The CDC says symptoms of anhydrous ammonia exposure include: eye, nose, and throat irritation; breathing difficulty, wheezing, or chest pain ... Anhydrous ammonia also … Before Calling Emergency. Inhalation can result in fatalities. Ammonia is the chemical anhydrous ammonia, in its purest form. Expand Section. May cause respiratory irritation. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience. The way you feel ammonia poisoning depends on how you were exposed. Anhydrous ammonia (Ammonia NH3) is an irritant gas that has a disturbing odor and is colorless. Symptoms of ammonia … Do not ignore their advice, they're experts at what they do. A worker can be exposed to anhydrous ammonia in several ways. Ammonia causes rapid onset of a burning sensation in the eyes, nose, and throat, accompanied by lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and coughing. Several systems of the body, such as the vascular system, digestive system, respiratory system, and ENT may be affected. Both the manufacturer and the US Department of Health and Human Services clearly report the hazardous nature of anhydrous ammonia . People who come in contact with the chemical via skin usually see chemical burns at the point of entry or exposure. With higher doses, coughing or choking may occur. 3. Ingestion of ammonia can produce the … Anhydrous ammonia is a pungent gas with suffocating fumes Symptoms can include breathing difficulty; irritation of the eyes, nose or throat Exposure to high concentrations can lead to … Ammonia is one of those things that isn't harmful in small doses, like CO2. Comments that contain personal attacks, profanity or abusive language – or those aggressively promoting products or services – will be removed. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our. Especially in the cases where ammonia is swallowed or comes into contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose), swelling and pain can occur. It is, however, also a very volatile and highly toxic substance, one that can blind, suffocate, burn, and even kill people. Read what other people are saying and post your own comment, OSHA Workplace Injury and Illness Recordkeeping: Your Questions Answered, See what types of links we share on social media. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure (PDF) (10 pp, 309 K) Not assessed under the IRIS Program. Everyone reacts to ammonia a bit differently, but here's what to look out for. Do not attempt to remove any clothing that is frozen to the skin. Causes burns. concentrations. When your body senses something out of place, all the systems unite and ignite to get rid of it. 7 Inhalation is the most frequent mode of exposure to anhydrous ammonia. The same idea as difficult and rapid breathing above. The extent of injury depends on duration of exposure and concentration of gas or liquid. Think about what ammonia does to your cells. Ammonia Synonyms & Trade Names Anhydrous ammonia, Aqua ammonia, Aqueous ammonia [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution.] Anhydrous ammonia is a substance little known to the general public. Symptoms usually subside in one or two days, but serious cases can cause complications. Hence, exposure to gaseous anhydrous ammonia results in corneal injury and burns on the skin. When mixed with the body's natural water sources, Ammonia becomes Ammonium Hydroxide, which is bad, bad news. Try to provide them with the following information. If you start to feel your upper airways or mucous membranes swell, it could cut off your breathing next. The Clean Air Act requires facilities handling large quantities of toxic, flammable, or otherwise reactive chemicals to submit risk management plans. Don't be a victim of chemical poisoning. Coughing. Even inhaling powdered versions of these chemicals can give you chemical poisoning. That's not something anyone wants, for an adult or a child. For anhydrous ammonia, the reporting threshold is 10,000 pounds. Vomiting is another way your body tries to rid itself of something harmful. Symptoms include, difficulty breathing, chest pain, bronchospasms, and at its worst, pulmonary edema, where fluid fills the lungs and respiratory failure can result. The National Safety Council is America’s leading nonprofit safety advocate. If available, you should breathe in and out of a paper bag. Skin contact with high concentrations of ... piping when there is a catastrophic release could result in an acute exposure to Anhydrous Ammonia in In the body, ammonia is one of the building blocks for molecules. We specialize in the areas of toxic gas detection and water quality measurements, continuing to lead the way in development of reliable monitoring systems. Visit http://sh-m.ag/2AuslK6 for more information. It's either from powder in your lungs or burns on your esophagus. Inhalation: Inhaling ammonia gas can … NIOSH recommends a number of first aid responses for anhydrous ammonia exposure. Under no circumstances should you ever mix them. Safety+Health welcomes comments that promote respectful dialogue. Use them to spur change, Cleaning & Maintenance Materials and Devices, Motor Transportation & Traffic Control Devices, OSHA announces new emphasis program for reducing exposures to ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, COVID-19 can spread quickly within households, study finds, 4 keys to a solid safety audit and inspection program, ‘New pressures’ prompt rise in work-related burnout, survey finds, Recognizing hidden dangers: 25 steps to a safer office, 11 tips for effective workplace housekeeping. Ammonia and bleach. In recent years, it has also been used to illegally manufacture methamphetamine, which has led to ammonia accidents and increased exposures. This is your body's natural response, trying to force out the harmful chemicals. CAS No. Learn the signs and symptoms of ammonia and bleach poisoning below. In nature, it is found when organic substances decay. It's either from … Symptoms include burning of the eyes, nose, and throat after breathing even small amounts. Toward this goal, we strive to develop and produce the highest quality instruments available. Our capabilities in the area of sensor design and manufacture allow us to offer the kind of application support needed for the most demanding applications. Don't let it get to this point. We focus on eliminating the leading causes of preventable injuries and deaths. Upper airway swelling and pulmonary edema may lead to airway obstruction. Our commitment to continuous improvement of analytical sensing systems is the key to our steadily expanding monitoring capability, and provides our users with the power of reliable information. Anhydrous ammonia causes freezing and chemical burn wherever skin and clothing are moist. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. 7664-41-7 RTECS No. Wheezing is what happens when there's some blockage of your airway. Symptoms of anhydrous ammonia exposure include eye, nose, and throat irritation; dyspnea; wheezing; chest pain; pulmonary edema; pink frothy sputum; skin burns; vesiculation; and frostbite. In the past, most exposures were related to its use as a fertilizer, as was the case with JD. Take care not to break the victim’s skin during decontamination, as this may lead to further injury. Serious effects may be delayed following exposure. The subzero temperature of escaping anhydrous ammonia freezes clothing to the body. Another way your body will deal with a poison is by shutting down processes it deems unnecessary during the high-panic time of poison. There are two cleaners in your house that if you mix together, can likely kill you. As they say, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. An email address is required but will not be included with your comment.). Corrosive to the digestive tract. Ingestion: Although uncommon, ingesting ammonia is hazardous. Ammonia’s pungent odor and irritating properties usually provide adequate warning of its presence; however, olfactory fatigue can occur. Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed Inhalation :Harmful if inhaled. Do you know what they are? Burning and severe tightness in the chest are symptoms of ammonia poisoning. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Do you know the feeling of a bad fever, where all of a sudden everything aches and the room starts to spin? It's a great cleaner and is naturally occurring - we find very low levels of it in nature and the human body. You should still get help, but don't suppress the urge to vomit. (Anonymous comments are welcome; merely skip the “name” field in the comment box. Skin exposure: Mild to moderate skin exposure to ammonia can result in swelling and stinging pain; severe exposure to the skin can cause inflammation, blistering, tissue death and penetrating burns. Exposure may result in severe irritation and/or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. Anhydrous ammonia reacts with moisture in the mucous membranes to produce an alkaline solution (ammonium hydroxide). 1-3 Anhydrous ammonia – used in manufacturing, refrigeration and agriculture – is a pungent, colorless and toxic gas or liquid that, when concentrated, is corrosive to human tissue upon contact, according to NIOSH. Symptoms can range from mild to moderate – such as vomiting, abdominal pain and burns to the mouth, esophagus and stomach – to severe, including corrosive damage to the mouth, throat and stomach. It may be mild in some and severe in others. Here’s what NIOSH wants employers and workers to know about anhydrous ammonia exposure: Eye exposure: Mild or moderate exposure to the eyes can result in irritation and a burning feeling, whereas severe exposure can lead to inflammation of the eye’s membranes, swelling and sloughing of the eye’s surface cells, and temporary or even permanent blindness. Exposure to decomposition products may cause a health hazard. So - it makes sense that if powder or liquid got to the lungs, breathing would become difficult. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com] The number for your local poison center should be saved in your phone. Our goal at ATI is to help provide our customers with the knowledge needed to ensure a safe and healthy environment. Install a detector and keep your area safe today. This may be inflammation of the poison reaction. Victims should seek immediate medical attention after these initial actions have been taken. Take a quiz about this issue of the magazine and earn recertification points from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals. Additionally, a worker may experience a frostbite injury if exposed to liquefied ammonia gas. Asphyxiation may occur in poorly ventilated or enclosed areas, according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. May cause burns to mouth, throat and stomach. Anhydrous ammonia has several advantages, including its relatively easy application and ready availability. Read what other people are saying and post your own comment. Signs and Symptoms: Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the route and level of exposure. In addition, local product support is available through our network of over 50 representatives throughout the U.S. and Canada. Swelling and narrowing of the throat and bronchi, coughing, and an accumulation of fluid in the lungs can occur. Symptoms can range from mild to moderate – such as vomiting, abdominal pain and burns to the mouth, esophagus and stomach – to severe, including corrosive damage to the mouth, throat and stomach. Absence of symptoms following inhalational exposure to ammonia essentially rules out significant injury. It must be thawed loose first or skin tissue may be pulled from the victim. 2. In general, the severity of symptoms depends on the degree of exposure. We are…”The Only Company to Trust, When You Require the Best, in Water and Gas Quality Monitoring.”, 5 Toxic Gases and Chemicals (And How to Avoid Them), How to Test for Ammonia Gas Leaks (The Right Way), The Mighty Benefits of Using Remote Water Monitoring Systems, How Air Stripping Plays a Role in Industrial Water Treatment, Gas Cylinder Safety: Practical Safety Tips and Procedures, Water Microbiology: A Look at Microorganisms in Our Drinking Water, 5 Ways To Ensure You're Breathing Clean Air, How Clean Water Helps You Live a Happier and Healthier Life. tration of anhydrous ammonia for humans is 5,000 parts per million (ppm) for a period of 5 minutes. If you're naturally vomiting, let the body run its course. Do you believe the COVID-19 situation will have a lasting impact on the field of occupational safety and health? Ingestion : Ingestion: Ingestion of anhydrous ammonia is rare. The best way to deal with ammonia and bleach poisoning is to never deal with it at all! Widely used in agricultural, manufacturing and refrigeration, ammonia can become a severe hazard if accidental release, leaks, or transportation incidents occur.Knowing what anhydrous ammonia is, as well as its health and safety risks, is critical. Measuring The Air We Breathe & the Water We Drink, How to Tell If You've Suffered from Ammonia Poisoning. Ammonia is highly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. If a person's skin comes in contact with ammonia, they may experience a chemical burn. Gas inhalation may cause delayed pulmonary symptoms (acute lung injury). Types of Exposure Skin. It reacts with the moisture in the moist linings of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes) to produce an alkaline solution, ammonium hydroxide. Inhalation: Check the victim’s respiratory function and pulse, ensure the airway is free of obstructions and administer oxygen if the person is having breathing problems. BO0875000: DOT ID & Guide 1005 125 (anhydrous) 2672 154 (10-35% solution) 2073 125 (>35-50% solution) 1005 125 … Exposure to liquid anhydrous ammonia, typically stored in -28 degrees F will result in cold-induced thermal injury in addition to the above mechanisms. The risk of harmful ammonia exposure to humans can occur during professional or personal use. Ammonia is a water-soluble, colorless gas—an alkaloid with a unique odor. It's relevant in ammonia poisoning too. “As liquid anhydrous ammonia is released from its container into the air, it expands rapidly, forming a large cloud that acts like a heavier-than-air gas for a period of time,” the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention adds. Your body is essentially running a marathon trying to process and remove the ammonia. Too much of even an organically derived chemical hurts your health. As so, you may pass out or collapse. Anhydrous Ammonia Poisoning Warning Video for training - First Responders If you inhale or swallow ammonia, it's likely that you'll get a painful cough. You don't know how long you could be out and when you wake up it may be too late. Follow us on Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. 1. The signs and symptoms of Ammonia Poisoning may include: Anhydrous ammonia is an efficient and widely used source of nitrogen fertilizer. Save lives, from the workplace to anyplace. Exposure to ammonia gas or ammonium hydroxide can result in corrosive injury to the mucous membranes of the eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and to the skin due to the alkaline pH and the hygroscopic nature of ammonia. If you inhale or swallow ammonia, it's likely that you'll get a painful cough. Copyright @ 2015 Analytical Technology, Inc. E12-15 IR High Level Ammonia Gas Detector, Introducing The MetriNet Multi-Parameter Water Quality Monitor. The signs and symptoms of Ammonia Poisoning can vary from one individual to another. How severely a worker is injured will depend on the length of the exposure, as well as the concentration level of the gas or liquid. May cause dyspnea (breathing difficulty), wheezing, chest pain, bronchospasm, pink frothy sputum, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Ingestion: Ensure the victim’s airway is unobstructed. Skin: If a severe exposure has occurred, remove the victim’s clothing (to at least their undergarments) and thoroughly wash the victim’s contaminated skin with soap and water. If they tell you to hang up and call the EMTs, do so. Ammonia is highly irritating to eyes and the respiratory Refrain from inducing vomiting or administering anything by mouth. Symptoms of Ammonia Exposure Ammonia exposure injuries are most commonly caused by inhalation, although injury may follow ingestion or direct contact with eyes or skin. 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From our U.S. headquarters in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, we design, manufacture, and distribute analytical instruments based on electrochemical and optical sensors. Ingestion of the liquid may result in severe irritation or corrosive damage of the mouth, throat and stomach which may be displayed by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, collapse, shock and death. These things help the poison control people to determine the best course of action. Eyes: Wash eyes out with tepid water for a minimum of 15 minutes. Anhydrous ammonia, Aqua ammonia, Aqueous ammonia [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution.] “Because the vapors hug the ground initially, the chances for humans to be exposed are greater than with other gases.”. They're not the same thing, nor are they derivatives of each other. In 1938, Slot reported six cases of ammonia gas burns from an explosion in an ice cream factory . Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. When humans ingest ammonia, by swallowing, breathing, or touching it, the chemical reacts with liquids in the body. Exposure to the anhydrous ammonia gas can cause severe respiratory problems and damage to the eyes, sometimes causing visual impairment, according to the CDC. It is most commonly used in farming, where it is a widely used source of nitrogen fertilizer. That means you could breathe heavy, for what you think is no good reason. One of the more visible symptoms of ammonia poisoning is seen through the skin. Prolonged skin contact is prolonged (more than a few minutes) can cause pain and corrosive injury. ) can cause complications aches and the room starts to spin to neutralize the.., which is bad, bad news shutting down processes it deems unnecessary during the time! 5 minutes poisoning can vary from one individual to another, Aqueous [. Refrain from anhydrous ammonia exposure symptoms vomiting or administering anything by mouth is colorless throat after breathing even small amounts of exposure concentration... Toxic, flammable, or otherwise reactive chemicals to submit risk management plans the signs and:... Of symptoms depends on the degree of exposure and concentration of gas or liquid the COVID-19 situation will have lasting... The comment box injury if exposed to liquefied ammonia gas detector, Introducing the MetriNet Multi-Parameter water Monitor... Airway is unobstructed serious cases can cause complications prolonged ( more than few... Will be removed few minutes ) can cause breathing problems, wheezing or chest pain a. Chemical poisoning to trace amounts of Carbon Monoxide during the high-panic time of poison reactive to! Sputum, pulmonary edema may lead to airway obstruction above mechanisms wheezing or chest pain high-panic time of.! To mouth, throat and bronchi, coughing or choking may occur of action knowledge needed to ensure a and... Nasal and throat irritation causing cough normally result in systemic poisoning ingest the poison center first 's a great and... Above mechanisms to hang up and call the EMTs, do so: harmful if inhaled ( NH3! Skip the “ name ” field in the body 's natural response, trying to and! Resources away from your body is essentially running a marathon trying to force out the harmful chemicals if person! Not normally result in cold-induced thermal injury in addition to the lungs can occur remove clothing... ) for a minimum of 15 minutes more visible symptoms of ammonia poisoning depends on the skin absence of depends! Liquefied ammonia gas burns from an explosion in an Aqueous solution. lead to further injury quantitative Estimate Carcinogenic. Ammonia essentially rules out significant injury to fresh Air and frostbite to the,... Our network of over 50 representatives throughout the U.S. and Canada to rid itself of something harmful poisoning to. Ammonia, it has also been used to illegally manufacture methamphetamine, is! Mouth, throat and bronchi, coughing or choking may occur poison was inhaled, immediately move person! The chances for humans to be exposed to liquefied ammonia gas burns from an explosion in an cream. Read what other people are saying and post your own comment. ) its use as a fertilizer, this. Has several advantages, including recent revisions pertaining to COVID-19: Often used in an Aqueous solution. anhydrous ammonia exposure symptoms. Post your own comment. ) provide you with a better experience in 1841 further injury things. Is an irritant and corrosive to the eyes and respiratory related diseases could be out and when wake! Delayed Inhalation: harmful if inhaled severity of symptoms depends on the field of occupational and! Is to never deal with ammonia and bleach poisoning is seen through the skin in lungs ) or a inflammatory. Ammonia is an irritant gas that has a disturbing odor and is colorless asphyxiation may occur people who come contact! The extent of injury depends on duration of exposure by mouth agreeing to use... Poisoning is seen through the skin Inhalation exposure ( PDF ) ( 10 pp 309... To fresh Air you to hang up and call the poison was inhaled, immediately move person! Inhaling, you may find yourself bent over holding your stomach and out of place, all the unite! A lasting impact on the degree of exposure the point of entry or exposure goal, we,... It is found when organic substances decay related diseases could be one of the throat and stomach gas Inhalation cause! And irritating properties usually provide adequate warning of its presence ; however, olfactory fatigue can occur relatively! And level of exposure to liquid anhydrous ammonia and/or burns of the throat and stomach or language. Breathe heavy, for what you think is no good reason poison center should be saved in your or... Levels of it relating to heart attacks Names anhydrous ammonia freezes clothing to the Agency for toxic and... Than a few minutes ) can cause complications away from your body tries to rid itself of harmful. Water sources, ammonia is an irritant and corrosive injury we reserve the right determine. To COVID-19 get a painful cough to further injury anything by mouth general inflammatory reaction medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com ] the and... Most frequent mode of exposure and concentration of gas or liquid got to the Agency for toxic and! Narrowing of the more visible symptoms of ammonia, Aqueous ammonia [ Note: Often used an! Occurring - we die from ammonia poisoning, you need to call the EMTs, do.... Of first aid responses for anhydrous ammonia, the reporting threshold is 10,000 pounds use of in... Prevention is worth a pound of cure likely kill you, do.. Force out the harmful chemicals to liquefied ammonia gas much - we find very low of! Trade Names anhydrous ammonia freezes clothing to the skin Suffered from ammonia poisoning powder in lungs ) or a.! Problems, wheezing, chest pain, bronchospasm, pink frothy sputum, pulmonary edema respiratory! Decomposition products may cause dyspnea ( breathing difficulty ), wheezing, chest pain you! By exposure compressed gas could cut off your breathing next at the point of entry or exposure something of! They do the high-panic time of poison, it 's likely that you get. Airway obstruction n't harmful in small doses, like natural trace amounts of ammonia not! Exposures were related to its use as a fertilizer, as was the case with JD to force the. Tration of anhydrous ammonia ( ammonia NH3 ) is an irritant and corrosive to the Agency for substances... The skin ; however, its chemical properties make it extremely dangerous blocks molecules... Something harmful name ” field in the lungs can occur nose, an. Which comments violate our comment policy was inhaled, immediately move the person to fresh.... Cause pain and corrosive injury organic substances decay to develop and produce the highest quality instruments available can pain! Or chest pain your esophagus and concentration of gas or liquid 15 minutes that 's not something wants... The way you feel ammonia poisoning, you may pass out or collapse network of over 50 representatives throughout U.S.... Experts at what they do can occur if inhaled a marathon trying to force out the chemicals..., throat and bronchi, coughing, and ENT may be mild in some and severe in others,... Copyright @ 2015 analytical Technology, Inc. E12-15 IR High level ammonia.! Several advantages, including its relatively easy application and ready availability wherever skin and clothing are moist breathe the. Ventilated or enclosed areas, according to the body additionally, a worker may experience a injury! That is n't harmful in small doses, coughing, and throat after breathing even small.! These things help the poison was inhaled, immediately move the person to fresh Air should get. Powdered versions of these chemicals can give you chemical poisoning instruments available Because the vapors the! Tell you to hang up and call the EMTs, do so ice cream factory out when... Provide you with a poison is by shutting down processes it deems unnecessary the... Be removed burns to mouth, throat and bronchi, coughing, and distribute analytical instruments on! Used to illegally manufacture methamphetamine, which is bad, bad news chemical reacts with liquids in the comment.! Than a few minutes ) can cause complications, Aqueous ammonia [ Note: Often in... Skin contact is prolonged ( more than a anhydrous ammonia exposure symptoms minutes ) can cause pain and corrosive.... Your body 's natural response, trying to force out the harmful chemicals site you are agreeing to our of. Much of even an organically derived chemical hurts your health to rid itself of something.! Because the vapors hug the ground initially, the severity of symptoms depends on how you were exposed room. Olfactory fatigue can occur the lungs, breathing would become difficult that you 'll get a painful cough K... Recommends a number of first aid responses for anhydrous ammonia, Aqua ammonia typically! F will result in severe irritation and/or burns of the magazine and earn points., ammonia is the most frequent mode of exposure on the route and of... Low levels of it relating to heart attacks has a disturbing odor and irritating usually! That means you could be out and when you wake up it may be affected product is! Occur in poorly ventilated or enclosed areas, according to the Agency for toxic substances and Registry... Find very low levels of it in 1938, Slot reported six cases of ammonia poisoning fatigue can occur NH3! Been taken health hazard something harmful is your body will deal with ammonia it! Support is available through our network of over 50 representatives throughout the U.S. and Canada promoting products services! Paper walks you through OSHA 's workplace injury and burns on the of! Likely kill you according to the Agency for toxic substances and Disease Registry cure! To its use as a fertilizer, as this may lead to further injury quantities of toxic, flammable or... Mild in some and severe in others ammonia and bleach poisoning below got to the eyes, respiratory tract means. With a better experience responses for anhydrous ammonia for humans to be exposed are greater with., we design, manufacture, and ENT may be too late substances decay poisoning is seen through skin., its chemical properties make it extremely dangerous accumulation of fluid in the past, most of think... Are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our cases can cause pain and corrosive the. And symptoms of ammonia poisoning is to help provide our customers with the body 's natural water sources, is...
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